The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels) II

 Elimination of the family! With extreme Radical Party of Communists who have intentions of this shameful outrage.
Modern, bourgeois family is built on what basis it? Is built on top of capital building in the private wealth above. This form of the full development of the family, but only exists in the bourgeoisie, and its complementary phenomenon is forced to live alone proletarians and open prostitution.
bourgeois family as it will naturally the disappearance of this phenomenon disappeared supplement, both will vanish with the disappearance of the capital.
Perhaps you are blaming us, saying we have to eliminate the exploitation of children, parents, right? We acknowledge that counts.
But, you say we replace home education by social, is to destroy the most intimate relationship.
and your education is not also determined by social? No education is by you to the kind of social relations it? not also carried out by the community through schools, etc., direct or indirect interference in the decision it? communists did not invent the social impact on education; they just want to change the nature of this effect, to make education free reign the impact of the class.
proletarians of all family ties more major industrial development due to be destroyed, the more their children were a result of this development into a mere object of trade and working tools, the bourgeois family and education on , on the close relationship between parents and children is sickening the more empty talk.
But you Communists is to implement public polygamy ah, the whole bourgeoisie us cry with one voice.
assets originally to his wife as a simple means of production. They have heard the production tools will be public use, naturally, can not help but think of women will suffer the same fate.
did not think they want, the problem is the eradication of women were viewed as the status of mere instruments of production.
In fact, those who pretend to be sanctimonious assets, the so-called Communist official expressed surprise that the public polygamy, it is then absurd enough. the public to practice polygamy without the Communists, It almost always have the.
Our bourgeois, not content with their wives and daughters of the proletarians at their disposal to meet the formal ** not to say, they also induce * wife to each other the greatest pleasure .
bourgeois marriage is actually a male polygamy. most people can only blame the communists, said they want a formal, open to the public instead of polygamy to mask the hypocrisy of public pol. In fact, not made and Yu, with the elimination of the existing relations of production, arising from the relationship of public polygamy, that is, formal and informal prostitution, it disappeared.
also blamed the communists, said they want to cancel country, the abolition of national.
workers have no country. must not be deprived of something they did not. because first of all to obtain political domination of the proletariat, the class rose to the nation, to its own organization to be national, it itself is temporary or national, Although it is called adapt to the living conditions of the line, among the peoples of the growing national isolation and confrontation disappeared.
the rule of the proletariat will make them disappear faster. joint action, at least in the civilized countries of the United The action is the first emancipation of the proletariat one of the conditions.
the exploitation of man by man destroy a nation on the exploitation of the nation will be extinguished.
nation within the class antagonism disappears, ethnic hostile relations will disappear.
from the religious, philosophical and ideological point of view generally made of the various criticisms of communism, are not worthy of detailed discussion.
people's ideas, views and concepts, one, people's awareness, as people's living conditions, people's social relations, people's social existence is changed, is that really you need to understand thoughtful?
the history of ideas in addition to proof of the spirit of the production with reconstruction and transformation of material production, but also proved what? The ruling ideas of any era, but always thinking of the ruling class.
When people speak of ideas that revolutionize society, they just show a fact : In the old society has been formed within the new social factors, the collapse of old ideas is the same old step, and the collapse of living conditions.
demise when the time of the ancient world, the ancient religions were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas in the eighteenth century Enlightenment thought to be defeated when the feudal society is working with the then revolutionary bourgeoisie in a death struggle. religious freedom and religious freedom of thought, but that free competition in the realm of faith dominate Bale.
Philosophy, Politics and Law in the change itself, but always preserved.
In addition, there are still eternal truths, such as freedom, justice, etc., these truths are all the stages of social development there. But communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, morality, and not to be innovative, so communism is the same all the history of the development process so far contradictory. So far all the social history is in the class antagonisms, antagonisms that are in different times varied.
However, no matter what kind of opposition that form part of the community people Another part of the exploitation of people is common to all past ages, the fact. It is therefore not surprising that the social consciousness, despite all, moves within certain common forms of movement, these forms, these forms of consciousness Only when the complete disappearance of class antagonisms will disappear when.
Communist revolution is the traditional property relations with the most radical rupture; no wonder that its development process in their own with traditional ideas to the most radical rupture.
However, we put all the bourgeois condemnation of communism it aside.
We have seen earlier, the first step is to make workers and the proletarian revolution up to the ruling class, gain democracy.
proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest the bourgeoisie all capital, to all instruments of production concentrated in the country, the proletariat organized as the ruling class hands, and as quickly as possible to increase the total productivity .
To do this, of course, must first bourgeois relations of production on the ownership and mandatory intervention, to take such measures, these measures are not enough in the economy seems to be full and no power, but the process in motion in which they will be beyond itself, but also as a means to change all production is essential.
these measures in different countries will of course be different.
However, almost all of the most advanced countries can take the following measures:
1. deprivation of property, the rent for the national expenditure.
2. impose high progressive tax.
3. abolish inheritance.
4. confiscation of all exiles and rebels property.
5. by having State capital and an exclusive monopoly of the national bank, the credit concentrated in the hands of the State.
6. to transport all concentrated in the hands of the State.
7. increase state-owned factories and production tools, in accordance with the overall land reclamation and soil improvement program.
8. the introduction of universal compulsory labor, the establishment of military industries, especially in agriculture.
9. the combination of agriculture and industry to promote the gradual elimination of the opposition between urban and rural areas.
10. on the implementation of all children and free public education. canceled now that the plant forms of child labor. to combine education with material production, and so on.
in the development process, when class distinctions have disappeared and all production is concentrated in the hands of individuals together, the public power will lose its political character. the original sense of political power, is a class for oppressing another class are organized violence. if the proletariat against the bourgeoisie in the struggle must be combined for the class, if it through the revolution to become the ruling class and the qualifications of the ruling class in order to eliminate by force the old relations of production, then it is eliminated The relations of production at the same time, it eliminated the class antagonisms and class conditions of existence itself, thereby eliminating this class of its own rule.
place that there are classes and class antagonisms of the old bourgeois society, will be Such a consortium, where the free development of each person's free development of all the conditions.
Third, the socialist and communist literature
1. reactionary socialist
(a) Feudal Socialism
French and British aristocracy, in accordance with their historical status as a negative mission is to write pamphlets against modern bourgeois society works. In 1830 the French July Revolution and the British reform movement, they once again beat the hateful upstart. From then on and then not to mention a serious political struggle. They were only able to fight the text. But even in the text are also not repeating the old tune of the Restoration. In order to shock from sympathy, the aristocracy had to pretend as if they no longer care about their own interests, it seems only to the interests of the exploited working class, only to denounce the bourgeoisie. they are the means to vent their anger: sing their new rulers curse song, crow and said to him sinister prophecy.
thus creating a feudal socialism, half of which is elegiac, half the text is slander; half echo of the past, half future threats; it can sometimes pungent, witty and acerbic comments thorn in the hearts of the bourgeoisie, but it can not understand the modern history of the process but always ludicrous.
to pull in the people, nobles the proletarian alms bags as a banner waving. But when people follow their lead, they both found their hips with the old feudal coats of arms, so he laughed and agents just quickly disappeared.
part of the France orthodox and obsolete under circumstances and conditions of exploitation. They say in their rule, and there have been no modern proletariat, that they just forgot their modern bourgeois social system is the inevitable outcome.
However, they made no secret of their criticism of the reactionary nature of their main counts against the bourgeoisie is that: under the rule of the bourgeoisie, a social system will blow up the whole of the old class developed.
they blame the bourgeoisie, not so much because it produces the proletariat in general, as it is it creates a revolutionary proletariat.
Thus, in political practice, their participation in all the working class to take violent measures, and in daily life, that they violated their own set of high-sounding words, lean picking apples, not Gu Xinyi, love and fame to do wool, sugar beet and sale of shochu.
as monks, like always walk hand in hand with the feudal lords, monks Socialism always walk hand in hand with the feudal socialism.
coated to give Christian asceticism a socialist colors, is easier than another. Christianity is not too strongly opposed private property, against marriage, against the State it? It is not to promote charity and poverty, celibacy and asceticism, monastic life and worship instead of all this? Christian socialist, but the monks used to divine discontent nobility of the holy water fills.
(b) petty-bourgeois socialism
feudal aristocracy was not overthrown by the bourgeoisie, and their living conditions in modern bourgeois society deteriorating and disappearing only class. Chengguan medieval people and small farmers level is the level of modern bourgeois predecessor. in the business sector is not very developed countries, the emerging bourgeois class are still next to linger.
in modern civilization have been developed countries, the formation of a new petty bourgeoisie, it swings with no production between class and the bourgeoisie, and as a supplementary part of bourgeois society continually re-formed. However, members of this class are often thrown into the proletariat competition to go, and, as a large industrial development, they are even aware of that they will soon be completely lost them as a separate part of modern society's position in the commercial, industrial and agriculture will soon be replaced by supervisors and employees.
in the peasant class, far more than half of the population countries, such as in France, who stand on the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, writers, nature is the scale of the petty bourgeoisie and small farmers to criticize the bourgeois system is the standpoint of bourgeois childhood to speak to workers. This the formation of a petty-bourgeois socialism. Sismondi was the head of this school, for France is the case, also the case for the UK.
this very incisive analysis of the socialist relations of production in modern contradictions. It exposed the hypocrisy of cosmetic economists. It proved, incontrovertibly, the destruction of machinery and division of the role of the accumulation of capital and real estate, overproduction, crisis of the petty bourgeois and peasant inevitable decline, misery of the proletariat production of anarchy, the very uneven distribution of wealth, the industrial extermination between nations, war, and old customs, old family relations, the disintegration of the old nationalities.
However, this socialism according to their positive the content is, or is an attempt to restore the old means of production and of exchange, thereby restoring the old property relations and the old society, or an attempt to re-modern means of production and of exchange has been forced upon them to break and must be break the old property relations that frame of mind to go. In both cases it is reactionary, but it is also utopian.
in the guild system of industrial agriculture in the patriarchal economy, which is its final conclusions .
this trend of thought in its future development into a cowardly lament.
(c) of Germany or the literature is dominated arising under the oppression of the bourgeoisie, and the fight against the same text that the performance of rule, this literature is the time to move to Germany, where the bourgeoisie has only just begun against the feudal autocracy struggle.
German philosopher, half philosopher, and wit who greedily seize this literature, but they forget: In this work moved to Germany from France, the French did not at the same time living conditions move in the past. under the conditions in Germany, French literature lost all practical meaning directly, but only with the pure form of literature. It certainly showed on the real life and on the realization of human nature unnecessary speculation. This, the first the requirements of the French Revolution in the eighteenth century German philosophers, but a general Will the real laws of human will.
the German literate consisted solely in bringing the new French ideas with their ancient philosophical conscience reconciled, or rather, that is, from their point of view to grasp the philosophical French ideas.
this master, as master the foreign language, is through the translation.
we all know, the Catholic monk who in ancient pagan manuscripts to write on the classic myth of the Catholic Saints. Germany Instead of household work of the French attitude towards the secular literature. their original works in France following his philosophy on writing nonsense. For example, they criticize monetary relations in the following written on the French original as a Communist literature was thus completely emasculated. Since this literature is no longer in the hands of the Germans show a struggle of class against another class, so the Germans to think: they overcome They do not represent the real requirements of the request on behalf of the truth and do not represent the interests of the proletariat, while the representative of the interests of the essence, that the interests of ordinary people, such people do not belong to any class, simply do not exist in the real world, there is only in diffuse clouds of space philosophical fantasy.
Now, this view has solemnly its poor job of primary school students, and the audacity to boast of German Socialism, which gradually lost its pedantic that naive.
German, and especially the Prussian bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy in the struggle, in a word, freedom of movement, more and more serious.
Then, the a good opportunity to the requirements of the socialist opposition to the same political movement, with the traditional methods of curse cursed heresy of liberalism, representative national curse, curse bourgeois competition, bourgeois freedom of the press, the French bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie freedom and equality, and trumpeted to the masses, saying that in the bourgeois movement, not only the people with nothing, but will lose everything. just forget the socialist German, French criticism (is this Germany's socialist echo poor critical species) is a modern bourgeois society and the corresponding material living conditions and considerable political system as a precondition, and all this time in Germany is yet to be the premise of fighting.
this socialist German states became authoritarian government and its followers mm monks, teachers, landlords and bureaucrats could wish for Juncker, and frighten the bourgeois menacing scarecrow.
that socialism is the government used to suppress the uprising of the sinister German workers The whips and bullets added sweet.
since the the interests of ordinary people. In Germany, the legacy of the sixteenth century, and since then often re-emerging in different forms of petty-bourgeois, is the existing system of real social basis.
save the petty bourgeoisie, is to save Germany the existing system. scared of this class from the bourgeoisie's industrial and political sway there, waiting for the demise of no escape, this is due to the accumulation of capital, the other is the rise of the revolutionary proletariat. In its view .
the same time, German Socialism increasingly aware of their calling as the dignified representative of the general public.
It proclaimed the German nation is a model nation, the German citizen who is the model. It gives them are ordinary people with the mystery of each scandal, the noble, the meaning of socialism, to make it into something completely opposite. It is carrying out in the end, direct opposition to communism is balanced on top of the class struggle than anyone. now popular in Germany, all the so-called socialist and communist writings, with very few exceptions, all the dirty dog in this category, the literature is listless.
2. conservative or bourgeois socialism
part of the bourgeoisie who want to eliminate social ills in order to guarantee the survival of bourgeois society.
this section shall include: economists, love advocates, humanitarians, improvers of the condition of the working class, organizers of charity, Animal Protection Association, the temperance movement and shaped the form of Association sponsors a small color color reformers. The bourgeoisie was made into a number of socialist and even complete system.
we can cite Proudhon's willing to existing social, but do not revolutionary and those who made the disintegration of the social factors. They wish for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat. the bourgeois view, ruling that it was the best of the world's natural world. bourgeoisie This comforting the socialist concept of the half set or set into the system. It requires the proletariat to achieve its system, into the new Jerusalem, in fact, it is only required to stay in the present proletarian society, but to abandon their hateful on the concept of this society.
another is not enough that the socialist system, but more practical form, trying to grow tired of all the working class revolutionary movement, insisted that the benefits that the working class and give is not this or that political reform, but only that the living conditions of the material change in economic relations. However, this understanding of socialism to change the material conditions of life, certainly not only through revolutionary means to achieve the bourgeois relations of production eliminated, but some administrative improvements, these improvements in the relations of production on the basis of this practice, and therefore did not alter the relationship between capital and wage labor, at best reduce costs and simplify the rule of the bourgeoisie its country Administrative Services.
bourgeois socialism only if it becomes mere rhetoric when speaking before the appropriate access to their own performance.
free trade! is to the interests of the working class: a protective tariff! is for the workers class interests: a single cell! is to the interests of the working class. This is the only serious socialist bourgeois said the last word.
bourgeois Socialism is such a conclusion can be summed up: assets of the assets, is to the interests of the working class.
3. critical utopian socialism and communism
Here, we talk about all the great revolution in the modern proletariat in the expressed requirements of the literature (Babeuf, etc. the works of authors).
the proletariat in the general excitement of the era, in the overthrow of the feudal society, realize their own class interests directly during the initial attempts inevitably failed, this is not enough by itself because the proletariat was the development of Because the material conditions of emancipation of the proletariat has not yet met, these conditions only the bourgeois era. As these early emergence of the revolutionary proletarian movement literature, it is necessarily on its contents reactionary. It inculcated universal asceticism and crude egalitarianism.
the original meaning of the socialist and communist systems, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen and others in the system is in the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, not the initial period of development appears. On this period, we have already described the a (see damage factors. But they do not see any historical initiative of the proletariat can not see it any specific political movement.
the development of class antagonism in step with industrial development, so these Inventors can not see the material conditions of emancipation of the proletariat, so they went to explore some kind of social science, social laws, in order to create these conditions.
this way, society's activities should inventive activity by their own instead of , the historical conditions of the liberation of the conditions necessary to replace the fantasy, the proletariat would gradually organized into a class specially designed by their social organization instead. In their view, the future of world history is nothing but propaganda and implementation of their the history of social programs.
course, they also realize that their plan is to suffer most of the working class of this class interests. In their eyes, suffer most proletarian class is just a.
However, due to the development of class struggle, because of their own life, and they think they are high than that of class antagonisms. They want to improve the living conditions of all members of society, even the most affluent members of the living are also included in inside. Therefore, they always call to society without distinction, but the main appeal to the ruling class. They think that, one need only understand their system, would admit that this system was the best of the best social program .
Hence, they reject all political action, especially all revolutionary action; they want by peaceful means to achieve their own ends, and an attempt by small, of course, the test will not succeed through the force of example to the new open the way for the social gospel.
this fantasy of the future society depicted is far from the development of the proletariat, and thus the status of their own fantasy based on the understanding when the transformation of society in general with the proletariat of the first instinctive desire to adapt.
However, these works of socialism and communism also contains critical components. These works attacked the entire basis of existing society. Therefore, they provide an insight into the very consciousness of workers valuable materials. they are positive about the idea of future society, such as eradication of urban and rural opposition, destroy families, destroy private business, the wage system, to promote social harmony, the production of the country into a purely management institutions, mm is that all these proposals to elimination of class antagonisms, and this was the beginning of class antagonism in the development, they know is that the early opposition, the obscure and uncertain form. Therefore, these claims itself with a purely Utopian character. < br> critical utopian meaning of socialism and communism, is the inverse relation to historical development. class struggle more development and more definite shape, which beyond the illusion of class struggle, class struggle against the illusion that, the more lose all practical value and all theoretical justification. Therefore, although the founders of these systems is revolutionary in many ways, but they are always composed of believers in some of the reactionary sects. The historical progress of the proletariat believers, or Si Shouzhuo original views of their teachers. Thus, they consistently attempt to weaken the class struggle to reconcile opposing. They still dream of experimental realization of their social Utopias, of founding a single ����˹̩��, the establishment of internal migration zone, the creation of Small Iga Australia, the pocket-sized version of the New Jerusalem, and to realize all these castles in the air, they had to resort to bourgeois kindness and money. they sink to the reactionary or conservative group in the socialists gone, the difference only by more systematic pedantry, their fanatical and superstitious belief that a miraculous effects of the social sciences.
Therefore, they violently oppose all political campaign workers, that this can only result from do not believe blindly in the new Gospel.
In the UK, Owen advocates oppose the Chartists, in France, who oppose the reformist Fourierism.
four, Communists of various opposition parties attitude < br> read the second chapter, you can understand the communist parties have formed the attitude of the workers and, therefore, they can understand the Chartists in Britain and North America, the attitude of the land reformers.
Communists for the working class has recently aims and interests of the struggle, but they also represent the current movement movement's future. In France, the Communists together with the Socialist Democratic Party, against the conservative and radical bourgeoisie, but do not give up on those from the Revolution arising out of the traditional talk and fantasy right to take a critical attitude.
In Switzerland, the Communists who support the Radical Party, but does not ignore the party is composed of conflicting elements, some of which are French-style democracy advocates, some radical bourgeois.
the middle of the Polish Communists to support that the agrarian revolution as the conditions of the political party of national liberation, which launched in Krakow in 1846 political uprising.
in Germany , as long as the bourgeois revolution, the action taken by the Communist Party to go with it against the absolute monarchy, the feudal land ownership and the reactionary nature of the general public.
But the Communist Party does not ignore the education of workers for a minute as clearly aware of the bourgeoisie and the hostile confrontation between the proletariat to the bourgeois German workers can immediately use the inevitable rule of the social and political conditions as a weapon against the bourgeoisie in order to overthrow the reactionary classes in Germany immediately after the struggle against the bourgeoisie itself .
Communists put their main focus on Germany, because Germany is now the eve of a bourgeois revolution, because with the seventeenth century and eighteenth-century Britain than in France, Germany will be more in the whole of European civilization under the conditions of progress, with the development of the proletariat to achieve this much change, so the German bourgeois revolution can only be a direct prelude to the proletarian revolution.
In short, the Communists everywhere support every against the existing social system and revolutionary movement political system.
In all these movements, they are especially emphasized that the issue of ownership, the fundamental issues as movement, no matter what the issue was the degree of development.
Finally, the Communists everywhere to strive for democracy around the world the unity and agreement between the parties.
Communists disdain to conceal their views and intentions. They openly declare that: their purpose only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social system can be achieved. Let the ruling classes in the communist tremble revolution. proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a whole world.
world proletariat, unite!